History of Ercolano

The history of Ercolano is deeply connected to both its ancient origins and its modern development.
The present-day town stands above the remains of ancient Herculaneum, the Roman city destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.

Over the centuries, Ercolano evolved from a buried Roman settlement into a living town shaped by volcanic events, religious traditions, aristocratic residences, and everyday local life.

From ancient Herculaneum to medieval settlements

After the eruption of 79 AD, ancient Herculaneum disappeared beneath volcanic material. For centuries, the area remained largely abandoned or sparsely inhabited, with small rural settlements developing above the buried ruins.

During the Middle Ages, new communities gradually formed, often unaware of the Roman city lying below. The memory of Herculaneum survived mainly through historical texts rather than visible remains.

Resina and early modern Ercolano

From the early modern period, the town was known as Resina, a name that remained in use for centuries.
Resina developed as a small agricultural and residential center, closely connected to Naples and influenced by its proximity to Mount Vesuvius.

Life in Resina was shaped by volcanic activity, fertile soils, and repeated eruptions, which alternated between destruction and renewal.

The Bourbon era and the Miglio d’Oro

A major transformation occurred in the 18th century during the Bourbon period. The discovery of the ancient city of Herculaneum and the growing interest in the Vesuvian area led to the construction of elegant aristocratic residences along the Miglio d'Oro.

These villas, built as summer homes by noble families, changed the urban and social landscape of the town, turning Resina into a prestigious destination close to Naples.

Rediscovery of Herculaneum and modern growth

The rediscovery of ancient Herculaneum in the 18th century marked a turning point not only for archaeology but also for the town’s identity. Excavations brought international attention to the area and strengthened its cultural importance.

At the same time, the modern town continued to grow above the ancient ruins, creating the unique situation in which large parts of Roman Herculaneum remain buried beneath the contemporary urban fabric.

From Resina to Ercolano (1969)

In 1969, the town officially changed its name from Resina to Ercolano, restoring a direct link to its ancient past.
This symbolic decision reflected a renewed awareness of the town’s historical roots and cultural heritage.

Today, Ercolano is a modern community that lives in constant dialogue with its history, balancing everyday life with the presence of one of the world’s most important archaeological sites.

Ercolano today: continuity and identity

Modern Ercolano is shaped by multiple layers of history: Roman, medieval, early modern, and contemporary.
Its identity is defined not only by the ancient ruins but also by religious traditions, scientific institutions, historic villas, and the everyday life of its inhabitants.

Understanding the history of Ercolano means understanding how a town can continuously adapt while preserving the memory of its past.

Frequently Asked Questions about the history of Ercolano

Was Ercolano always called Ercolano?

No. For many centuries the town was known as Resina. The name Ercolano was officially adopted in 1969.

Is modern Ercolano built on ancient Herculaneum?

Yes. Much of the ancient Roman city lies beneath the modern town, which is why only part of Herculaneum could be excavated.

Why was the Miglio d’Oro built in Ercolano?

During the Bourbon period, the Vesuvian area became fashionable among the aristocracy, leading to the construction of elegant villas along the Miglio d’Oro.